Manage your boss’s schedule like a pro

Deal with your boss’s plan like a master When you’re an individual aide, planning your boss’ day to run as easily as conceivable is a basic an aspect of your responsibilities. An extraordinary right hand guarantees that the progression of arrangements and gatherings bode well and leaves sufficient opportunity to achieve quality work on all projects.Here are some key methodologies for overseeing two timetables: your bosss and your own.Share a calendar.If youre as yet keeping up independent work schedules, youre making life pointlessly confounded. Utilize a program like Google Calendar to get you and your bosss arrangements, gatherings, and days off on one shared, living record. There, you both can include, alter, and sync things flawlessly so no occasions through the breaks. Shell know when youre out for a dental specialist arrangement and wont ponder where you are, and youll realize that shes telecommuting on Friday so you wont plan any face to face gatherings. At the point when you meet with your chief, make a point to get some information about the next weeks commitments and update your common schedule as needed.Leave space each day.Scheduling adequately isn't just about ensuring each gathering and call fits into the day. It’s likewise about leaving lumps of devoted time for your supervisor to do what the person needs to achieve or even what he may need to do. Do whatever it takes not to book anything consecutive without giving him a breather. Permit her some committed work time to really get things done.Dont twofold book.Double booking commitments just prompts pointless pressure and infrequent shame for both your chief and you. Don’t do it. In the event that you unintentionally express yes to a gathering and discover theres something different opened for the time, reschedule immediately with apologies.Be the climate/traffic person.If your supervisor has off-site gatherings, make a point to outline courses to new places. Watch out for traffic reports to evade any inconspi cuous deferrals or fiascoes. Watch out for the climate forecast as well, since tempests will influence both what your manager wears and how quick she’s ready to get where she needs to go.Keep an eye on the clock.You may have planned a gathering to fit inside a particular time window, however gatherings can undoubtedly go after some time when individuals dont adhere to an agenda.Be aware of the clock to guarantee that a gathering never runs late or seeps into the following booked assignment. Don’t let your manager get derailed an excessively talkative arrangement. You must advise him that he has another arrangement or undertaking on the docket.If an especially significant gathering can't be ended so effectively, snap energetically to reconfigure the remainder of the day. Make sense of what different passages on the calendar can be moved around or even dropped to abstain from burning through a moment of anyone’s time.Leave time for lunch.Getting the day’s w ork done may start things out on any timetable, however you have to keep your tanks very much energized to get you and your manager through your bustling day. That implies leaving some time in the calendar for an appropriate lunch. Solicit your supervisor at what time from day she likes to eat, and afterward close off at any rate 30 minutes in your mutual schedule where she cannot be upset. Preferably, youll take your mid-day break during this equivalent window.Find a framework that works for both of you.Make sure you get a feeling of how your supervisor likes to organize obligations and structure his day. On the off chance that you ever have an inquiry regarding which commitment is increasingly significant, simply inquire. In the long run, you’ll build up a shorthand for working with one another that will keep both of you on time.

Animal Farm As Animal Satire Essays - Novels By George Orwell

Animal Farm as Animal Satire Let American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt! Animal Farm as Animal Satire This examination intends to verify that George Orwell's Animal Farm is a political parody which was composed to censure extremist systems and especially Stalin's practices in Russia. In request to give foundation data that would uncover causes drove Orwell to compose Animal Farm, Chapter one is committed to a concise synopsis of the progress of creator's life and huge occasions that had sway on his political feelings. Section one additionally presents foundation data about Animal Farm. Section two is committed to parody. In this section, definition of parody is introduced and some significant attributes of parody are examined. In part three, the strategy for this exploration is portrayed. Under the light of data introduced in the past parts, Chapter four examines Animal Farm and spotlights on the book as a political parody. The last section presents the finish of this investigation. Affirmations I might initially want to communicate my earnest on account of my proposition chief, Assoc.Prof. Dr. Jashua M. Bear for his help and opportunity he gave me in this examination. Without his getting this theory could never have been finished. I additionally wish to thank my sister Fidan Korkut for her recommendations in the arranging phase of this examination and her perseverance during my long examination days at home. My uncommon much gratitude goes to zgr Ceylan, who continually conceded me her ethical help. She was consistently there at the point when I required her. THE AUTHOR: GEORGE ORWELL Introduction This section presents general data about George Orwell's life. It incorporates ordered advancement of his life what's more, his political feelings. Moreover, significant occasions, for example, The Russian Revolution and The Spanish Civil War which had huge impact on his responsibility to compose Animal Farm will be talked about. Ultimately, general data about Animal Farm will be given. His Life The British creator George Orwell, pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, was conceived in Motihari, India, June 25, 1903. His dad was a significant British government employee in India, which was at that point some portion of the British Empire. A couple of years after Eric was conceived, he resigned on a low annuity and moved back to England. In spite of the fact that their salary was definitely not sufficiently much, the Blair family sent their child away to life experience school which was a selective private academy, to set him up for Eton Collage. Eric at that point won a grant to Eton Collage. During his training from the age of eight to eighteen, as he wrote in his article about his school encounters titled Such, Such Were the Joys, he encountered numerous things about theworld where the prime necessities were cash, titled family members, physicality, customized garments, disparity, abuse and class qualifications in the schools of England (In Ball,1984). After the instruction at Eton College in Britain, Eric joined the Indian Imperial Police in British-Ruled Burma in 1922. There he saw persecution once more, yet this time he was looking at things from the top. Having served five years in Burma, he surrendered in 1927 and turned around to Europe and lived in Paris for over a year. Despite the fact that he composed books and short stories he discovered no one to get them distributed. He filled in as a mentor and even as a dishwasher in Paris. During his poor days in Paris, he again encountered the issues of the mistreated, the defenseless and lower class individuals. In 1933, After having numerous encounters about the life at the base of society, he recorded and Out in Paris also, London and distributed it under his nom de plume George Orwell. After a year in 1934 he distributed his novel Burmese Days, which he mirrored his encounters there. At that point, he distributed A Clergyman's Daughter in 1935, and Keep the Aspidistra Flying in 1936. In 1936, his distributer needed Orwell to go to the English coal-mining nation and expound on it which was another significant involvement with his life. He composed The Road to Wigan Pier to reflect what he saw there, the genuine destitution of individuals of the Lancashire Town of Wigan, and distributed it in 1937 (Ball, 1984). 1937 was the year that Orwell who for a few time had been depicting himself as professional communist (BALL, 1984) joined the Republican powers in the Spanish Civil War. At the point when the Communists endeavored to dispose of their partners on the extreme left, he battled against them and was injured in the battling, later had to escape for his life. His experience in this war was to have the most critical effect on his political considerations furthermore, his later works. In 1938, Orwell composed Homage to Catalonia, which describes his encounters battling

The Digital Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Digital Revolution - Research Paper Example Organization sites may utilize residential or worldwide methodologies in their web based business exchanges (Bajaj, Debjani and Kamlesh, 2005). Sites with a household online business technique principle try to serve organizations and clients inside the topographical limits of a nation. Interestingly, Bajaj, Debjani and Kamlesh see that sites with a worldwide center point towards advancing exchanges among clients and organizations across worldwide and global markets. Firms actualizing worldwide web based business need to address monetary issues, legitimate issues and market get to difficulties, for example, social contrasts and language obstructions. There are three fundamental arrangements for sites, to be specific exchange, advancement and substance locales (Bajaj, Debjani and Kamlesh, 2005). Exchange destinations are sites intended to improve virtual or online exchanges. This is generally pertinent for online undertakings that don't have the customary physical model or some other p hysical nearness. This site is increasingly fitting for organizations managing particular item classifications. Limited time destinations are those structured explicitly for data and correspondence purposes with the point of enhancing advertising exercises and reinforcing connections. It is suitable for organizations trying to build up the worldwide nearness and grow new channels of correspondence. In conclusion, content sites are intended to give clients and possibilities exact and dependable substance to help in their purchasing procedure.

How to Select the Nile River DBQ Essay Samples

How to Select the Nile River DBQ Essay SamplesDid you know that there are a variety of decent sources from which you can select the Nile River DBQ essay samples that you require? And when you have made up your mind that you would like to pursue a formal degree in English, you must think of how to get the necessary materials.So many people have turned their noses up at English literature for the last few decades. The hard realities of today's world have created a very bad atmosphere and you do not have to blame the teachers for the disastrous performance of students when it comes to English literature. We are, therefore, advised to think about English literature in the present light and think of ways to get the required materials.For those who have come to this conclusion and are looking for literature material, there are a number of ways available. One of the sources is available online and there are a number of essays samples to select from.You can avail this literature material at a price that is very little in comparison to other sources of literature material. All you have to do is to check out the essay samples offered by the online sources. You should make sure that the subject is a good fit for your academic criteria. An excellent rule of thumb is that if it is an English literature course, then it is fine.You will be able to find the essay samples that you require by a fine idea. You can simply use the Internet to get the required literature materials for your study. You can also find a website where you can download a number of literary articles and then you can read the entire article to understand the concepts.If you are able to find a website that has a range of literature material, you may have to search a little longer before you find the papers that you want. However, if you are more resourceful and get the samples online then you can enjoy the benefit of working from the comfort of your home.Moreover, you can print out the paper and check it out for yourself. You can try your best to understand it and find the lines and the text that can help you. This is very useful when you are working on a long term essay as you are also provided with an outline to work from.

The Keynes Solution By Paul Davidson Essay - 1678 Words

Introduction The Keynes solution â€Å"The Path to Global Economic Prosperity by Paul Davidson is written to show the real reason of the global economic financial crisis that has led to widespread impact to the economic policy. The author of this book discuss and emphasize to his reader what are the impact and how they can get out into this crisis and he also showed how this Keynes Solution theories help with this crisis. The author of this book, Paul Davidson discussed the possible problems that may arrived and what are the result of this economic crisis, which lead to increase of unemployment and inflation that affecting the economic production. In this book Keynesian Solution, he suggested the detailed plan on how the government spending money, monetary policy, financial market rules and regulation, and wages that may reverse the effects of our past policies crisis. The author beliefs that the government has the most important role in manipulating and stabilizing the behavior of the capitalist system to avoid and control recessions and depression in the market economy. And with that, he explained the strategies that the government may use to restore the prosperity in the twenty-first century. The first chapter of this book of Keynes solution is the â€Å"Power of ideas to affect the policy†, showed how they continuously warning the public about the current economic crisis situation that was began year 2007. He also explained why the ideas of the other economist is contradict withShow MoreRelatedBiography of John Maynard Keynes Essay990 Words   |  4 Pageswhose ideas and theories have fundamentally affected our thoughts and practices, but none has been as influential on this subject as John Maynard Keynes. He was a British economist who revolutionized economic thinking and to this day his work continues to be appreciated and utilized by many into what is known as â€Å"Keynesian Economics.† John Maynard Keynes was an Englishman born in 1883, who went on to become one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century. We know this economist bestRead MoreEffects of Interest Rates on Business Performance4959 Words   |  20 PagesAfter the fact, explanations are many and confident! Some of the major factors which lead to an increase in interest rates are explained below; The supply of funds available for loans from lenders and the degree of demand, from borrowers (John Maynard Keynes 1936), for example, take the mortgage market. In a period when many people are borrowing money to buy houses, banks and trust companies need to have the funds available to lend. They can get these from their own depositors. The banks pay 6% interestRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesstatus quo, and people’s sense of place. It also generates fears for the future (Toffler, 1971; 1981; 1991), threatening power bases, established expertise, and so on. In other words, far from being simply a technical matter, amenable to simple solutions, the threat of change is also a social and political issue, with considerable emotional undertones. It is in this arena that so-called ‘wounds of change’ are inflicted, and these ‘wounds’ have a corrosive tendency to undermine trust. It is for thisRead MoreOne Significant C hange That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesFine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis:Read MoreInside the Meltdown49737 Words   |  199 Pages We re a strong nation. We re hard workers. We re innovators. And we can get out of this if we look to the long term and look to find the light at the end of the tunnel, as opposed to just hiding. ... ADAM DAVIDSON [Alan Greenspan, retiring as chairman of the Federal Reserve, is praised as the maestro.] What didn t the people praising him know about Alan Greenspan? ... They didn t know that Alan Greenspan had made money either free or even less thanRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPoint/Counterpoint Player–Owner Disputes Are Unnecessary 471 Questions for Review 472 Experiential Exercise A Negotiation Role-Play 472 Ethical Dilemma The Lowball Applicant 473 Case Incident 1 Choosing Your Battles 473 Case Incident 2 Mediation: Master Solution to Employment Disputes? 474 S A L 15 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 What Is Organizational Structure? 480 Work Specialization 480 †¢ Departmentalization 482 †¢ Chain of Command 483 †¢ Span of Control 484 †¢ Centralization

Milton Friedmans Ideas Essay - 1646 Words

INTRODUCTION Milton Friedman’s ideas where thought to be radical, but he was the most authoritative figure in the economics field in the 20th century, (Placeholder2) and was known most for his thoughts on free enterprise, classical liberalism and limited government. (Placeholder3) His views shaped modern capitalism. (Placeholder2) He was against government intervention and favored free markets (Placeholder6). If you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years thered be a shortage of sand. – Milton Friedman His contributions were many, to name a few: †¢ Monetary theory and policy †¢ Price theory †¢ Permanent Income †¢ Quantity Theory †¢ Consumption function and permanent-income hypothesis †¢ Friedman-Phelps†¦show more content†¦In an effort to finance the war effort, he designed the income tax withholding system. It was supposed to be a temporary emergency measure but the government later made it a permanent part of its peacetime taxation. He would always reget forcing withholding on Americans. (Placeholder6). (Placeholder8) Another job Friedman held was author, creator and narrator of the PBS TV documentary series Free to Choose. and he worked as a columnist for Newsweek for over 15 years authoring several books, technical academic papers and columns. His books, Capitalism and Freedom and Free to Choose were best sellers. (Placeholder3) He had also won the Noel Prize for Economic Science in 1976 (Placeholder2) Mr. Friedman was influenced by Fredrich von Hayek a free-market thinker and believed that the government should stay out of peoples affairs whenever possible letting and that market could solve economic problems more efficiently than government officials could. This idea became known as the â€Å"Chicago School† of economics, a concept of free-market capitalism. (Placeholder2) In the 1960’s Milton Friedman was known to say â€Å"there’s no such thing as a free lunch. â€Å"If the government spends a dollar, that dollar has to come from producers and workers in theShow MoreRelatedCritique of Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose.1587 Words   |  7 PagesEssay question: Milton Friedmans claims that ‘voluntary exchange is a necessary condition for both prosperity and freedom. Carefully examine the assumptions about ‘power, ‘choice and ‘market efficiency that underpin his claim. Give reasons for your agreement or disagreement with him. This essay is a short critique of the theory by Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to choose: A personal statement, focusing on chapter 1. I will argue that Friedman is right in saying, Â… voluntary exchange isRead MoreEssay on Friedman vs Freeman827 Words   |  4 Pagesethical concerns? These are central questions in the field of business ethics. There are two approaches to answering such questions. The first one is Milton Friedman’s shareholder theory of management and the second one is Edwards Freeman’s â€Å"Stakeholder† theory of management, two different views about the purpose and aims of a business. Milton Friedman’s shareholder theory of management says that the purpose of a business is to make money for the owner or the stockholders of the business. FriedmanRead MoreMilton Friedman Vs. Monetarism1580 Words   |  7 Pages Milton Friedman and Monetarism Tomas M. Kuhn Robert Morris University Milton Friedman and Monetarism In politics, our nation is divided into many different parties. Each party has their own stance on how things ought to be and what changes need to be made in order to have society function they way they’d like. Macroeconomics also can be viewed as divided. Instead of being divided into parties, economists are separated by different schools of thought. There’s many schools of thought becauseRead MoreMilton Friedman1624 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I evaluate Milton Friedman’s essay: â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits† in 1970, on the Social Responsibility of a business and his theory, which is called the â€Å"Efficiency Perspective†. In every article and book that I have read about social responsibility, Friedman’s â€Å"Efficiency Perspective is placed centrally. During my research I found that Friedman is often criticized for being too classical. Friedman believes that manager’s foremost ob jective or evenRead MoreThe Ford Pinto Case Analysis1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ford Pinto Case Milton Friedman believed a free-market system, in which goods and services are exchanged and controlled by individuals and privately-owned businesses without government authority, was the only way to achieve personal freedom. Adam Smith, a 18th century philosopher and economist, held the belief that in a free society, the role of government should be limited to the protection of the people, the administration of justice through the court system, and the maintenance of all publicRead MoreMilton Friedman and His Contribution For The Economic Field Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthe frequency of war. CONTRIBUTION FOR THE ECONOMIC FIELD Contribution of Milton Friedman can be categorize into many different fields that are The Field of Pure Economics and Economic Analysis Methodology, Empirical Analysis, The Field of Economic Policy and The field of the theory of comparative economic systems. The Field of Pure Economics and Economic Analysis Methodology Theory of money is the core of Friedman’s contribution to pure economic theory. Monetarists declared the slogan â€Å"moneyRead MoreIn Response to Friedman’s View of Corporate Social Responsibility946 Words   |  4 PagesIt is not a common sentiment to hear Milton Friedman described as left of center in political spheres. Certainly, Friedman’s landmark essay The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits in the New York Times magazine was filled with many assertions that placed him as a bulwark for a growing conservative movement who felt a vindication for the free market mechanism and skepticism for the role of government. However, while reading Friedman muse over the social responsibilities of businessesRead MoreMilton Friedman And Milton Keynes1580 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been different views from John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman and central banks when it comes to inflation. However, what both John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedm an can agree on is the fact that inflation is seen to be a great evil. Moreover, the central banks interpret inflation as moderate being the fact that some inflation is seen to them as tolerable. Historically, Friedman and Keynes have had disputes on a better system for the control of inflation. For instance, Friedman put forwardRead MoreThe Economic And Political Challenges Of The 60s And 701519 Words   |  7 Pageshuge influence on the policies and actions of politicians today. From stagflation to the Vietnam War many politicians use these past issues to justify their decisions of today. One of the most influential economists who emerged in the sixties was Milton Friedman, who fought against the establishment’s Keynesian view and many of the policies of FDR. He won a Nobel Prize in 1976 for his work on monetary policy with specific beliefs in controlling the federal debt, keeping inflation low, and maximizingRead MoreThe Milton Friedman Rule 538 Words   |  2 PagesOTHE R SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENT OR CONTRIBUTION IN ECONOMICS FIELD Other significant contribution or achievement of Milton Friedman in economy field is in economics scholarly. He had introduced a few of rule, function and hypothesis such as Friedman Rule, Friedman’s K-percent Rule, saving utility function and permanent- income hypothesis. Friedman Rule Friedman Rule was proposed by Milton Friedman in 1969. This rule is about monetary policy. â€Å"Money† is anything that generally accepted as payment for

college admission essay ( please help me improve it ! ) free essay sample

Our flight to Miami had been delayed again, another two more hours of sitting in Bogota in an airport where we waited many times before. I sat back down and look out the window, wondering why we didn’t just take a direct flight as we did last time we went to Disney. The air was hot we were overdressed for December in South America, having spend Christmas at home in Lima, we were taking advantage of the low airfare prices between Christmas and new years to Miami where it was winter. I was getting impatient, my roller book bag full of my new Christmas presents and my beloved sailor moon figurine in my hand had all been toyed with long enough. I turned to my mom and gave her my signature look of exasperation. She simply sighed and sat her newspaper on her lap and gave me a long look, a long look that I only received twice before in my life. We will write a custom essay sample on college admission essay ( please help me improve it ! ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once to tell me that we were moving to Tumbes, a remote town on the border between Peru and Ecuador and the other to tell me what death is. As if testing my maturity, my mom slowly began testing the waters by declaring, â€Å"We might stay longer than last time†. I tilted my head, and wonder what she meant. There were only seven Disney parks and two universal ones half of which I was too short to ride in either way, what else could we possibly do? She looked down and said, â€Å"We are going to be staying with one of my friends in Miami†, paused and continued, â€Å"Fernando, my boyfriend†. I was never one to question my mother’s actions, they were always for the best but this was big. I didn’t respond; her plan was clear enough. The late night long phone conversations all made sense now, but he lives in Miami, We in Lima†¦ the gravity of her decision hit me like a ton of bricks. We were moving. To Miami. Now I understood why I had to pack â €Å"all my favorite things†. I clutched sailor mercury in my hand and sat back down; quiet till time to board our belated flight came. I looked down at my hands full of sailor mar’s hair, searched her black but very much plastic eyes and I settled it. It didn’t matter what my mom decided to do, I would go wherever she went. Time flew by, the three hours between Columbia to Miami felt like two minutes, and the next I knew I was standing in a stranger’s house, in a strange neighborhood in a foreign city in a different country. Always been a shy child, I dig deeper into myself as Fernando shoved his hand in my face in a handshake and his mom open her arms in a hug. That was ten years ago. I spend my first year in Miami, sitting in the front of the bus to school drowning out the other kids with audio tapes following along the cheerful voices with my finger running along the lines of different books. I caught onto to the language fairly quickly but never (th ankfully) lost my accent. My love for math grew, discovering how universal it was (except for dividing, that was a pickle to get use to). I threw myself at learning, at school and from my friends. Fernando, my stepfather became one of my best friends and important figures in my life and soon I had a little sister, Michelle, on the way. I learned many different things, things I knew I wasn’t not going to come across as easily if I had stayed in Peru: I attended my first Hanukah meal when I was nine, I indulged in Creole food, I worked in a Vietnamese place spoiling myself in their culture and found myself in gay right parades and volunteering in homeless shelters. My decision to stay with my mom, to not kick and scream and demand to be shipped back to my darling Peru to my dad someone who was familiar, someone stable, something safe, was probably the most important one I ever been asked to make and to this day I think I made the right choice. I love to influence and to be the influenced, I love to learn of differences and unique factors of others and I must admit I had a changed a lot over the course of ten years. I shed that shy Peruvian girl demeanor and transformed into the driving curious girl I am now, every now and then I look at sailor mars sitting in my night stand and am thankful for the courage she stirred in me to make my decision.

Alternatives to Traditional Education

Alternatives to Traditional Education In one of our previous posts we were talking about three very interesting schools that differ from traditional institutions in one way or another. The first school is unique because students are not forced to study what they do not want to study and can choose what they want to do in school and even what time they want to come (this is especially attractive for those who cannot call themselves early birds). The second school is also unusual because it is hidden from people underground. Although it serves some rather pragmatic purposes, this location is still quite strange. The third school is more traditional in terms of its academic program and goals, but to get enrolled you should win a lottery. In this post we would like to talk a little more about such exclusive and unique schools that might impress you a lot. How Will This Subject Be Helpful in Real Life? This is the kind of question that students of Watershed school never ask. This school offers a very exciting program indeed: instead of taking all possible classes and memorizing words from textbook, students at Watershed get a unique opportunity not only to apply their skills in practice, but acquire these skills by practicing. Instead of sitting in a classroom and studying confusing and abstract algebra, students can improve their algebra skills by solving real life engineering problems. Every single core subject is not simple theory – they are based on different projects due to which students can really see how theory combines with practice. The school also offers children a number of interesting elective courses in filmmaking, climbing, photography, music, visual arts, etc. These electives, as well as courses in science (biology, chemistry, geology), are designed in such a way that students feel not just like students, but like future specialists because they are involved into various professional activities and projects. If students are studying architecture, they do not look at the pictures in textbooks – they walk around the town and examine existing buildings learning how different styles and methods work. Certainly, this is a brilliant school, but it is totally fine that it does not work for certain children. Studying at Watershed requires a student to be very independent and to be able to spend days and nights away from home (in case of organized trips and expeditions). Nevertheless, it is great that such a school exists and that it is open for children who study in middle and high school. But you should also keep in mind that such an amazing place is very costly – a year at Watershed costs more than $20,000. Yes, this is the price of unique education system. When Electronic Devices Are Everywhere and This Is Encouraged Today a lot of parents complain that their children are addicted to computers, tablets, and other numerous electronic devices. Children know how to use smartphones when they are two years old. By the moment they are teenagers, electronic devices are as important for modern children as air and water. Some schools make everything possible to help children get distracted from computers and spend more time reading, singing, playing musical instruments, and enjoying nature (for example, this is one of the biggest features of Waldorf schools). However, people forget that electronic devices, as well as the Internet, are not evil at all if children know how to use them to get knowledge. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, there is a school where children’s dreams come true: there are no textbooks – only computers. This is the School of Future which was established in 2006. This school helps students go digital and understand technology very well. Some people might think it is not a good idea, but in fact we all live in the era of technology, and being good at this is essential and progressive. If you look at all the job offers requirements, you might notice that for each applicant it is necessary to have good Microsoft Office skills. Certainly, graduates of the School of Future will unlikely have problems with meeting this requirement. The good thing about this school is that students show high academic achievements in reading and mathematics. The disadvantage of the School of Future is that the enrollment is possible only if the candidate wins the lottery (the same situation we saw with Mountain Mahogany School in New Mexico). As you can see, schools that offer advanced learning and unique opportunities for children are getting more and more popular, but to become a student of such a school is extremely challenging – either it is quite costly, or you have to be lucky and win your chance to be enrolled. Perhaps, for some of us these schools seem to be too extravagant. Maybe, you think that traditional education serves the most important educational purpose – becoming a successful college or university student studying in a beautiful campus. However, there is a reason why people try to create new educational concepts and introduce some innovations – the progress is impossible without this approach. It is possible that these schools are not the best option for many children, but they give us an idea of how we can improve traditional schools to make them more effective. It is crucial to always give students an opportunity to challenge themselves and to feel their own progress – otherwise school does not make any sense. Schools are places that not only have to educate children but also to help them get interested in education.

Free sample - Alcoholism. translation missing

Alcoholism. AlcoholismAlcoholism is am addiction disease. It is widespread and serious disease, which exists in a modern world. Alcoholism brings consequences on physical, psychological, social and economical functioning of a person that consumes alcohol. Even if alcohol is being consumed for centuries, studying the harmful effects that alcohol causes started recently. In the beginning, alcoholism was not considered a disease, it was considered a vice. However, the World Health Organization declared alcoholism a disease in 1951, and the problem related to defining alcoholism appears. Defining alcoholism was difficult because the â€Å"alcoholism† includes variety of physical, psychological and social changes. Ayd defined alcoholism as a chronic disease with combined influence of genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors, which have strong influence in the development of alcoholism and its manifestations. It is considered as a progressive disease, which can be fatal, and it can be characterized by reduced control over consummation of alcohol, high level of preoccupation with alcohol, usage of alcohol (despite consequences), and possible appearance of distortions in thinking (such as denial) (27). Alcoholism is a chronicle disease, characterized with persistent consummation of alcohol, even with the knowledge of harmful effect that it produces. It manifests as incapability of controlling the act of drinking, and as a time goes by the whole life of an alcoholic is subordinated to drinking. The drinking is conducted, usually, on a daily basis, and it can be common for an alcoholic to deny this craving, although they do not want to eliminate the alcohol from their life. DSM IV classification represents alcoholism as an illness that includes alcohol abuse and dependence, which can be episodic or continuous. Alcoholism can be viewed as use of alcohol in a quantity and a frequency, which causes significant physiological, psychological, sociological or occupational problems (Ayd, 21). World Health Organization presented the following definition of alcoholism: â€Å"A chronic behavioral disorder manifested by repeated drinking of alcoholic beverages in excess of the dietary and social uses of the community and to an extent that interferes with the drinker’s health or his social or economic functions† (Zimberg, 4.). Jellinek (via Zimberg) gave the classification of several types of alcoholism: â€Å"alpha alcoholism†, defined as an abuse of alcohol, which is used to relieve physical or psychological pain, without losing the ability to control the drinking, with no withdrawal symptoms and no significant progression of the disease. â₠¬Å"Beta alcoholism†, defined as an alcoholism that has no physical or psychological dependence; it can be progressive and can produce medical complications. â€Å"Gamma alcoholism† represents the type of alcoholism in which control over drinking does not exist, and it produces physical, psychological and social problems. â€Å"Delta alcoholism† is a type of alcoholism that produces physical, psychological and social problems, and the person that drinks has a potential possibility of abstaining from alcohol for some period. â€Å"Epsilon alcoholism† is described as a periodic binge drinking (4). Symptoms of alcoholism - There is no one symptom that could define the alcoholism. The symptoms of alcoholism can be diverse and can vary, mostly depending on the person that consumes alcohol.   Stimmel mentioned that the National Council on Alcoholism has developed a list of signs and symptoms for diagnosing alcoholism, and that they can be divided into two main groups: definitive and probable (103). According to National Council on Alcoholism (via Stimmel), definite symptoms are: physical dependency on alcohol, followed with tremor, hallucinations and seizures; changes in psychological functioning; influence of alcohol on a brain; complications caused by drinking alcohol; continuous drinking with no consideration to many medical contraindications; indiscriminate use of alcohol; alcoholic blackouts; blood alcohol level over the 0.15 -0.30 percent. Probable symptoms of alcoholism are: loss of control over drinking; repetitive drinking and/or morning drinking; repeated attempts to a chieve abstinence; excuses from work; denying alcoholism by changing the type of alcoholic beverage; lack of interest for activities that are not associated with consummation of alcohol; low ability to control the emotion of rage when drinking, possible suicidal thoughts when drinking; using of alcohol as a method to reduce insomnia, anger and depression (103). O'Neill and Sher have emphasized next group of symptoms: spending a lot of time during the day or night thinking about alcohol, neglecting obligation because of consummation of alcohol, being late or missing the school or work, feeling a strong need for a drink early in the morning, attempting to stop with drinking, and feeling dependent on alcohol. (496). Some other symptoms of alcoholism might be tolerance and withdrawal (with possible severe withdrawal symptoms - hallucinations or convulsions), reduction of the number of activities because of drinking, using alcohol in potentially dangerous situations (driving), and time spent drinking (the time spent to consume alcohol increases over time). As the time goes by, an alcoholic will have to drink more to achieve the same â€Å"effect† that alcohol provides, and there is a possibility to see them drinking alone, by themselves, and finding excuses for exaggerated drinking. Causes of alcoholism - The alcoholism is a disease, which is caused by interaction of multiple causes. Causes are often complex and they have become numerous during the time. Grant and Gwinner considered following factors as main factors which help development of alcohol dependence: biological (impact on central nervous system, metabolism of alcohol, sensitivity to alcohol), psychological (personality traits and attitudes), and socio-cultural factors (64). According to Gifford, the causes of alcoholism should be looked for in genetics, environment and neurology (29). Also, a person who has mood disorders (anxiety or depression) is at higher risk to become dependent from alcohol. Genetics: There are evidences that support the thesis of inherited predisposition to alcohol dependence (Gifford, 29). It can be manifested as person’s vulnerability to alcohol dependence, due to the functioning of opiate receptors and the functioning of a liver. However, having a parent that is dependent on alcohol does not mean that a person will become an alcoholic itself. Genetic predispositions combined with other groups of factors (such as environmental factors) might contribute to appearance of alcohol dependence. Environment: the influence of a family on person’s development can be seen in a behavior related to alcohol consumption. Children who have alcoholic parents are at four times higher risk of developing alcohol dependence than children whose parents do not consume alcohol (Gifford, 30). The contributing influence on alcohol drinking can be availability of alcohol, being surrounded with peers that consume alcohol, advertising of alcohol (making it attractive and desirable), conflicts at the work or in home, and the presence of a partner that consumes alcohol. Other authors summarize causes of alcohol dependence, and some of them are family influence, influence of a culture, and adult situation (McCord McCord, 150). Anthony et al. conducted a research that gave following results: males are more prone to develop alcohol dependence than women are (249). Person from age 25-34 years old are more prone to develop alcohol dependence (251). Lack of employment, low academic achievement can bring a risk of development of alcohol dependence (253). Neurology: abuse of alcohol causes changes in entire body, and it especially leaves harmful consequences to a sensitive tissue of the brain. The main consequences are related to disbalance of neurotransmitters. Consummation of alcohol can cause disbalance of chemicals in the brain tissue, and it can regulate, in some way, the chemical balance in the brain. Whenever this balance is disturbed the brain might cause the body to feel the need for alcohol, in order to keep the balance of chemicals in order, while, at the same time, brain gradually looses the ability to maintain the balance on its own (Gifford, 30). Impacts of alcoholism - Alcohol consumption leads towards many complications, which can be general and long term, and can involve every aspect of a person’s life. Impact of alcoholism can be seen in health condition, psychological functioning, and socio-cultural aspect of a person’s life. According to Gifford, the most common health problems related to alcohol dependency are: problems with endocrine system (liver-alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, which produces secondary effects: vitamin deficiency, decreased absorption of fat, damages in cell structure, low blood sugar, etc. (32, 33), pancreas-diabetes), and digestive system (damage of intestine’s walls (can cause bleeding), reducing the amount of digestive enzymes (34)). There are significant problems with cardiovascular system (blood-appearance of anemia, blood clots, suppressing of the immune system, problems with creation of platelet, heart-high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, coronary artery disease, myocarditis, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia (34, 35)). Sexual related problems include practicing sex without any protection (pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases), and the appearance of problems with sexual performance in males. Alcohol can influence on women’s pregnancy and cause fetal alcohol syndrome and numerous defects on a fetus, if a mother continues to drink during the pregnancy (36). Impact of alcohol on a nervous system is manifested on brain (disbalance of neurotransmitters and tissue degeneration. Some of the problems that can occur are amnesia, dementia, abstinence syndrome and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (35, 36)) and damages of nerves (peripheral neuropathy (36)). Alcohol can contribute to problems with respiratory system: lung infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis) and possible lung scarring (36). Impact on psychological life can be seen in appearance of depression and suicidal thoughts, anxiety, possible visual and auditory hallucinations (Spielberger, 126). Social complications are related to drunk driving, worse performance at work or at school, and relationship problems (Gifford, 39). Treatment of alcoholism – because alcohol dependency is a complex disease with various types of alcohol users, and numerous causes, the treatment of this disease should use the combination of multiple types of therapy. The most common therapy is based on a combination of psychological (â€Å"12 step facilitation†, group therapy-Alcoholic Anonymous (AA), â€Å"controlled drinking† (Spielberger, 126)), and pharmaceutical therapy (such as using of naltrexone). The behavioral therapy is being used in a combination with pharmacotherapy, because psychological treatment is, sometimes, not effective for all patients (Galanter, 4). The following statistic gives insight into the severity of the alcoholism as a social problem: 14 million people in the U.S.A. are alcohol dependent. 66% of the U.S.A. population consumes alcohol. 9.8 million men and 3.9 million women abuse alcohol or they think they are alcohol-dependent. 41% of all traffic fatalities in U.S.A. are caused by drinking alcohol. Approximately 43% of U.S.A. adults have had a child, parent, sibling or spouse who is dependent on alcohol, or was dependent on alcohol† (citation is retrieved from the internet site1). Ayd, Frank J. Lexicon of psychiatry, neurology, and the neurosciences. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2000 Anthony, James C. , Warner, Lynn A., Kessler, Ronald C. Comparative Epidemiology of Dependence on Tobacco, Alcohol, Controlled Substances, and Inhalants: Basic Findings From the National Comorbidity Survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994. Vol. 2, No. 3, 244-268 Galanter, Marc. Research on alcoholism treatment: methodology, psychosocial treatment, selected treatment topics, research priorities. Springer, 2003 Gifford, Maria. Alcoholism. ABC-CLIO, 2009 Grant, Marcus, Gwinner, Paul. Alcoholism in perspective. Taylor Francis, 1979 McCord, William Maxwell, McCord, Joan. Origins of alcoholism. Stanford University Press, 1960 O'Neill, Susan E., Sher, Kenneth J. Physiological Alcohol Dependence Symptoms in Early Adulthood:A Longitudinal Perspective. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000, Vol. 8, No. 4, 493-508 Spielberger, Charles D. Encyclopedia of applied psychology, Volume 1. Academic Press, 2004 Stimmel, Barry. Alcoholism, drug addiction, and the road to recovery: life on the edge. Routledge, 2002 Zimberg, Sheldon. The clinical management of alcoholism. Psychology Press, 1982

Teaching about Religions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Teaching about Religions - Essay Example The course ids fit for high school students who need to gain familiarity with different ideologies and belief systems exhibited by different religions. Introducing the course at the high school level will produce students with open minds and who exhibit tolerance for the religious beliefs of other people. In order to successfully implement this project, there is a need for all stakeholders involved to approve the introduction of the course. This memo describes both the primary and the secondary audience, which comprises of different levels of stakeholders. The primary audience includes the board of the school, parents, teachers, and the students. The school board is the key decision maker in a high school setting. There is a need for the board to understand the potential outcomes of introducing a course that teaches students about the different religions and countries. The board comprises of people with professional experience and expertise, who have the vision of ensuring that the school registers a positive impact on the society. Evidently, introducing this new course serves to register an immensely positive impact. Moreover, the school board should consider the relevance of the course and determine whether the school has the required resources by offering the course. It is critical to consult staff and parents because of their position in the school’s decision-making process. The staff’s opinion is critical because they will actively participate in the delivery of the course content to the students. Parents need to be aware of what their children learn in school and should form part of the student milestones in the education system (Lester, 2011). Students from the ultimate stakeholders because they stand to benefit from the course. Therefore, it is significant to consider their opinion on the potential benefits of the course to their individual and social lives.

How to use marketing mix buile Chiang Rai province as a destination Dissertation

How to use marketing mix buile Chiang Rai province as a destination during winter season - Dissertation Example This report highlights on the areas such as the marketing mix which can be adopted to make this place as a favorite tourist destination. The report also highlights the way by which a tourist spot such as Chiang Rai can be developed. Another important aspect of the research paper is that it will show how segmentation in tourism can be achieved. The key findings of the project are how marketing mix influences the decision of a tourist. The other important findings are the data which shows the number of visitors coming to Thailand in a calendar year and also the expected number of turnouts in the years to come. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 Research Question 10 Research Methodology 13 Conclusion 15 Reference 16 Bibliography 18 Appendix 1 19 Appendix 2 21 Introduction Siam was the name during 1940 to what we today know as Thailand. The country of Thailand resides in the heart of South East Asia. The country comprises of brilliant arts, green isl ands, an exciting nightlife and a tradition of openness towards the visitors. The nation is known to many as the home of some delicious cuisines, wonderful silks and some of the magnificent temples. These factors portray the great culture of the country. It has never been occupied by the European powers, possibly the only country in south- East Asia to have escaped it. The structure and geography of the country is that it is divided into 4 natural regions: the mountains and forests of the north; the vast rice fields in the central plains; the farm lands of the northern plateau and Tropical Island in the southern peninsula. Politically Thailand is again divided in 77 provinces such as Ang Thong, Mae Hong Son and Lop Buri, Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai among others. While the capital of Thailand namely Bangkok is not a provincial area but it is referred as a special administrative area (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). All the provinces are governed by a Governor who is appointed by th e ministry of external affairs. The only contrary factor is that the Governor of Bangkok is chosen by its people through voting (Unescap, n.d.). A number of countries in Asia believe that tourism plays an important role in the economic and social development of a country. It generates foreign exchange earnings, employment and also assists in other factors. Tourism plays a major part in the economy of Thailand, contributing around 7% of the total GDP. Every year Thailand is visited by around 14 million visitors. The visitors come from different parts of the world (The Irrawaddy, 2010). The reason for this massive tourism development of the country is mainly due to the stable political situation and the availability of air transportation in Bangkok which serves as the gateway to this international venue. Industries like hotel and retail gets immensely benefited by the tourism industry. The Tourism Authority of Thailand has launched various programs to promote the tourism sector in the ir country as well as internationally with their catchy slogans like â€Å"Unseen Thailand† and â€Å"Amazing Thailand†. According to them there were nearly 19.09 million tourists who visited Thailand in 2011 which also means 19.8% growth as compared to the previous year. The tourism revenue generated around $23.08 million, which was the highest ever tourism revenue in a same calendar year. The tourists were mainly from Malaysia which accounts 2.47 million followed by China (1.76

Irish immigrants Essay Example for Free

Irish immigrants Essay When the Irish began arriving in America in large numbers in the 1840s, they were generally destitute and unskilled, and for decades they occupied the lowest levels of American society, often trapped in menial jobs like domestic service or difficult, often dangerous jobs like railroad and canal construction.   According to historian Paul Boyer, â€Å"Irish immigrants entered the work force at the bottom.   Paddy with his pickax and Bridget the maid were simultaneously stereotypes and realities† (Boyer et al 273).   However, they rose quickly in America compared to other immigrants groups, mainly because of several advantages. Their ability to speak English certainly helped them, giving them advantages that later immigrants from non-English-speaking nations did not immediately have.   In occupations like factory labor, they were able to rise more quickly than other immigrants, slowly moving up the social ladder.   In addition, they gradually More importantly, the urban Irish became active in politics, particularly within the Democratic Party, which appealed to the new arrivals and offered them assistance in finding housing and jobs in exchange for votes.   This gave the Irish a wide array of opportunities, moving from unskilled labor into better-paying blue-collar positions as firefighters, police officers, and workers in city departments like sanitation, water, and streets. By 1900, the Irish had already ascended through the working class and were making headway in the middle class, and this progress accelerated as later immigrants from southern and eastern Europe began arriving by the millions.   The head start they enjoyed in arriving sooner than most other ethnic groups, their knowledge of English, and their affinity for politics all combined to give Irish immigrants advantages that other immigrant groups would not enjoy to the same degree. Boyer, Paul et al.   The Enduring Vision.   Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.

The Objective of Total Quality Management Essay -- Total Quality Manag

The Objective of Total Quality Management Total Quality Management(TQM) is an organisational process that actively involves every function and every employee in satisfying customers needs, both internal and external. TQM works by continuously improving all aspect of work through structured control, improvement and planning activities that are carried out in concern with guiding ideology that focuses on Quality and Customer Satisfaction as the top priorities. There has been many arguments that TQM succeeds only by incorporating a concern about quality for the customers throughout the organisation. The truth of this statement and those facts that disagree with this statement will be look into and discuss in more detail to achieve the success of TQM. TQM recognises that the Customer is at the center of every activity. The customer may be external or internal. The key is to determine the gap between what the customer needs and what the system delivers. Once the gap is recognised, it would be systematically reduced and results in never-ending improvement in customer satisfaction at every level. TQM depends on and creates a culture in an organisation which involves everybody in quality improvement. Everyone in the company can affect quality but must first realise this factor and have the techniques and tools which are appropriate for improving quality. Thus TQM includes the marketing and dissemination of quality and methods not only within the organisation and customers but also to suppliers and other partners. The general view to achieve success in TQM could be summarised as below: Quality as strength Quality in all processes The importance of management The involvement, commitment and responsibility of everybody Continuous improvement Zero defects Focus on prevention rather than inspection Meeting the needs of target customers Recovery Benchmarking A prerequisite for successful quality improvement is first, to understand how quality is perceived and valued by customers. 4 ‘Q' Design Quality Technical Quality Production Quality Delivery Quality Functional Quality Relational Quality Image Experiences Expectation Customer Perceived Quality ... ...ccess. Ownership and the Elements of Self-Management Total quality programmes are founded on the principal that people want to own the problems, the process, the solution and ultimately the success associated with the quality improvement. Psychologically, the ownership advocated by TQM ties in the development in organisational design away from traditional models of imposing management control over employees' behaviour. Recognition and Rewards TQM system considers the rewards and recognition to be critical to a company's programme, particularly when greater involvement of staff is required. Positive reinforcement through recognition and rewards is essential to maintain achievement and continuous improvement through participative problem-solving projects. The Quality Delivery Process TQM is not just the awareness of quality for the customers. It demands the implementation of a new system. Finally, the main objective of TQM may put the customer at the center of every activity and consider the process as customer driven, but all other factors which do not involve the customers have to be taken into consideration for the successful implementation of TQM.

People Today Move to New Cities Essay

People today move to new cities or new countries more then ever before.what challenges do they experience ?what strateges are there to meet these challenges? Moving to a new place, either within a country or overseas, is a very hard situation. One must take several considerations before leaving the home where a person grew and live for many years. People who are planning to relocate should know the big challenges ahead and they must also learn to take note of the strategies in facing these upcoming changes. Humankind has many reasons for leaving their hometown and trying to mix and mingle with other races. Most if them will move temporarily for the sake of their career, for them to be able to gain new experiences, to search for a high paying job or simply for promotion. While others relocate permanently to be with their husband and wife. Some search for a new place to live in just to try different locations and environment. Most of the expatriates claimed that they had a hard time adapting to a new world. It is not really that easy to move away from one’s family and work without knowing how long one would stay far away from home. One of the big challenges in these kind of situation is homesickness. The family is celebrating a simple event and friends are having their new routines without one’s presence. Having a phone call is becoming hard for them, making the separated loved one sad and lonely. Another thing to take in consider is the location of the new soon to be haven. If it is safe, as well as the people and environment that surrounds it. If there will be a near department stores, groceries, bank and other daily things to be needed. Before moving to a different site, one must first search for the specific details of that place. Like for example, the cost of living, a person might not want to be surprise with a high cost of living, especially to those who have kids. Furthermore, to a career-oriented ones, they should know if the city or a country has a good economy for them to anticipate a good pay. As well as learning in advance the culture of the place in order for them to avoid culture shock and deal with it easily. relocating to a new world is a bad idea to some people. So, a person must be prepared to face the major changes and open-mindedly accept the inevitable challenges to make a successful transfer.

Law Cases Of Insider Trading In Multinational Corporations Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2355 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Insider trading is buying or selling corporate stock by a corporate officer or other insider on the basis of information that has not been made public and is supposed to remain confidential Who are insider traders? Corporate officers, directors, and employees who traded the corporations securities after learning of significant, confidential corporate developments. Friends, business associates, family members, and other types of such officers, directors, and employees, who traded the securities after receiving such information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law Cases Of Insider Trading In Multinational Corporations Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Why forbid insider trading? The prevention of insider trading is widely treated as an important function of securities regulation. In order to make sense of insider trading, we must have basic understanding of markets, prices and role of markets in the economy. Insider trading appears unfair, especially to speculators outside a company who face difficult competition in the form of insider trading. Who is Insider is defined under the SEBI Prohibition of Insider Trading regulation (SEC 2 (e)) Insider is the person who is connected with the company, who could have the unpublished price sensitive information or receive the information from somebody in the company. Who can be a connected person? For the purpose this definition, words connected person shall any person who is a connected person six months prior to an act of insider trading It could be director of the company ,or is deemed to be a director of the by virtue of sub-clause(10) of section 307 of the companies act 1956 He /She could be officer or professional of the company or holding a business relationship with the company. Any person having UPPI from the any subsidiary or group company is also stated to be the connected person. Connected person can also be from intermediaries like stock exchange, Merchant Bank, Transfer agent, debenture trustee, Bankers relatives of promoter or of BOD. What is price sensitive information? The Price sensitive information is defined in Regulation 2(h) (a) of the prohibition of Insider Trading. It means any information which relates directly or indirectly with the company which if published is likely to materially affect the prices of the securities of the company. The information which is deemed to be price sensitive is like- Periodical financial results Intended declaration of the dividends(both Interim Final) Issue of securities or buy -back of securities Any major expansion plans or execution of new projects. Amalgamation mergers or takeovers. Any significant changes in policies, plans or operations of the company. CASE 1: INFOSYS Background of the Case Infosys is an information technology Services Company headquartered inÂÂ  Bangalore, India. Infosys is one of the largest IT companies in India with 122,468 employees (including subsidiaries) as of 2010.ÂÂ  It has offices in 33 countries and development centers in India, China, Australia, UK and Canada. This case is regarding a technical violation of Companys insider trading rules by its CEO Kris Gopalakrishnan and an independent director Jeffrey Lehman and the Company imposing a fine on both of them. Course of Action Below listed are some of the extracts from the Infosys Code of Conduct against violation of Insider Trading Rules: In the normal course of business- officers, directors, employees, agents and consultants of the company may come into possession of significant sensitive information. This information is the property of the Company- you have been entrusted with it. You may not tip from it by buying or selling securities yourself. Further you are not to tip others to enable them to profit or from them to profit on your behalf. Insider traders must disgorge any profits made and are often subjected to an injunction against future violations. If there is a change in the shareholding pattern of an employee, he/she has to notify this change to the company within one business day. Finally, insider traders may be subjected to civil liability in private lawsuits. Mr. Gopalakrishnan had actually inherited 12800 equity shares of Infosys from his mother on December 24, 2007. But he inadvertently failed to notify the company about this inheritance of shares within one business day after the change in his shareholding. This, according to the company, constituted a violation of its insider trading rules. On the other hand, Mr. Lehman was found guilty for failure to correctly follow the procedure on sale of shares. Case Status ÂÂ  Infosys audit committee believed that Mr. Gopalakrishnan had no intention of contravening the rules and imposed the penalty of Rs 5 lakh and directed him to donate the amount to a charitable organization of his choice. Mr. Gopalakrishnan has made the donation. Mr. Lehman was also imposed a penalty of $2,000 and that amount, too, has been given to charity. The case is finally closed. References https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ https://www.infosys.com/investors/corporate-governance/Documents/CodeofConduct.pdf CASE 2: WOCKHARDT CASE Background of the Case Wockhardt is a global, pharmaceutical and biotechnology company. Wockhardt has a growing presence in worlds leading markets like Europe and the United States. It has been a significant player in global biopharmaceuticals market. The case is regarding the former CFO of Workhardt, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, who had been alleged to have traded in the companys shares on the basis of some insider information which was till then unpublished. It was supposedly reported that he along with his wife and his sister together traded in the companys shares on some insider information. Its the first in Indian corporate history that a company CFO has been charged and indicted of insider trading. Course of Action Rajiv Gandhi (appellant 1) is a Wockhardt Board Member as well as CFO of the company. He is primarily responsible for making financial reports like (balance sheets) for the company. He is a Wockhardt employee since 10 years. As per the SEBI regulations, every company is supposed to prepare its unaudited financial results on a quarterly basis and update it within one month from the end of the quarter to the respective stock exchanges. On 21st January, 1999, at 5 p.m. a meeting of the board of directors of the company was held to consider the quarterly financial results for the quarter ending 31st December, 1998. The financial results were announced on 22nd January, 1999 pre-trading and along with it an interim dividend @ 35% was declared. Wockhardts financial results actually showed a negative performance of the company for the December quarter. This information was somehow leaked and known by Gandhis wife Sandhya (appellant 2) and his sister Amishi (appellant 3). Sandhya and Amishi Gandhi traded on the companys shares multiple times during the entire year on the basis of some or the other Company information which they used to receive via Rajiv Gandhi. Below is the transaction history of Sandhya and Amishi Gandhi. 21/01/1999: Company board meeting was to be held at 5pm; they both together sold 2100 shares of Wockhardt at 2:37 pm and 2:42 pm. 22/01/1999: Company declares financial results and interim dividend pre-trading. Amishi and Sandhya Gandhi sold 1500 shares of Wockhardt at 9:59 am and 10:04 am. 21/04/1999: Amishi Gandhi sold another 2300 shares of Wockhardt at 10:16 am. 22/04/1999: Announcement of Companys financial results as well as a decision of demerger of the business was going to take place at 11:30 am. Amishi Gandhi sold another 1200 shares of the Company at 11:33 am. 23/04/1999: Due to demerger news, the share prices had fallen. Amishi again purchased the companys shares at an average rate at 10:08 am. The above transa ctions clearly proved that the appellants used to trade in the Companys shares as and when they used to get some or the other financial or non-financial information of the Company. As they used to get this information of the company from an insider (Rajiv Gandhi) and they used to trade on that information, they were alleged to be guilty of Insider trading. Case Status SEB I imposed a monetary penalty of Rs. 5 lakh under Section 15T of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 on Gandhi and then case was closed. References www.bloomberg.com www.sebi.gov.in https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ www.indiakanoon.org CASE 3 :ORACLE CASE Background of the Case This case is all about Christopher M. Balkenhol, the trader misused confidential information gleaned from spouse, who was lead executive assistant to Oracles CEO and Co-presidents.SEC Charges Former Oracle Vice President with Illegal Insider Trading in Stocks of Oracle Acquisition Targets. This case adds to a growing list of recent enforcement actions against corporate employees and securities industry professionals for trading on information about upcoming corporate transactions that they knew to be confidential. Course of Action Christopher Balkenhol, 40, of San Mateo California, learned about secret merger negotiations from his wife, who worked at Oracle as the lead executive assistant to Oracles CEO and two co-Presidents. Balkenhol used information from his wife to buy shares of two companies Retek and Siebel Systems before Oracle made public its plans to buy those companies. Series of insider trading by Balkenhol Relating to Retek- Balkenhol first engaged in insider trading around March of 2005, when he began buying shares of Retek, eventually purchasing $85,000 worth of the Minneapolis-based software firms shares, according to the SEC. The first purchases came just a day after Oracle executives first discussed making an offer for Retek. A week later, Oracle went public with a tender offer for Retek that caused that firms shares to surge. Balkenhol sold the shares on the jump, making an estimated $15,000 in alleged unlawful profits. Relating to Siebel Systems:- The same pattern emerged around Siebel Systems, the commission alleged, with Balkenhol buying more than $270,000 worth of Siebels stock starting just days after Oracles co presidents to whom his wife was also an assistant held a secret meeting with Siebels CEO to discuss a merger. Balkenhol made three more Siebel purchases over the next three months, each one coming shortly after the two companies held additional private talks. He ended up with some 50,000 shares of Siebel, worth around $450,000, stock that he unloaded shortly after Oracle announced on Sept. 12, 2005, that it would buy Siebel for around $5.8 billion. Balkenhol allegedly learned about the planned acquisitions from his wife, who had access to the schedules of Oracles three top executives and was aware of significant merger-related meetings. The Commission does not allege that Balkenhols wife knew about Balkenhols illicit trades. Rather, the complaint alleges that Balkenhol breached a duty not to misuse confidences gleaned from his wife for his own gain. Without admitting or denying the Commissions allegations, Balkenhol agreed to settle the action against him, paying a total of approximately $198,000-including a penalty of nearly $100,000. The total of approximately $198,000 Balkenhol agreed to pay in settlement of the Commissions action includes $97,282 in disgorgement, $4,115 in prejudgment interest and a $97,282 civil penalty. Balkenhol has also agreed to a permanent injunction from further violations of Sections 10(b) and 14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, and Rules 10b-5 and 14e-3 there under. Case Status Case is settled by Balkenhol by paying $198,000 due to insider trading done by him for the violations of Sections 10(b) and 14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, and Rules 10b-5 and 14e-3. References www.bloomberg.com https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ CASE 4 : RAKESH AGARWAL V/S SEBI Background of the case This case highlights principle of violation of acting on material non-public information which comes under regulations 3 and 4 of the SEBI (Prohibition of insider trading). In this case, Rakesh Agarwal, being insider of organization, is responsible to not act on material non-public information so as to protect the interest of the investors. Course of Action Rakesh Agarwal, the Appelant was the managing director of ABS industries Ltd. (ABS), a company incorporated under the companies act, 1956. ABS was subsequently acquired by Bayer AG (a company registered in Germany).He was involved in negotiations with Bayer A.G (a company registered in Germany), regarding their intentions to takeover ABS. Therefore, he had access to this unpublished price sensitive information. Bayer acquired controlling stake in ABS Industries Ltd by acquiring 55,80,000 shares @ Rs.70/ per share in a preferential allotment made by ABS Industries Ltd. and 20% shares from existing shareholders @ Rs.80/- per share in a public offer made by them It was alleged by SEBI that prior to the announcement of the acquisition, Rakesh Agarwal, through his brother in law, Mr. I.P. Kedia had purchased shares of ABS from the market and tendered the said shares in the open offer made by Bayer thereby making a substantial profit. By dealing in the shares of ABS through his brother-in-law while the information regarding the acquisition of 51% stake by Bayer was not public, the appellant had acted in violation of Regulation 3 and 4 of the Insider Trading Regulations. Rakesh Agarwal contended that he did this in the interests of the company. He desperately wanted this deal to click and pursuant to Bayers condition to acquire at least 51% shares of ABS, he tried his best at his personal level to supply them with the requisite number of shares, thus, resulting in him asking his brother-in-law to buy the aforesaid shares and later sell them to Bayer. Accusations by SEBI The SEBI directed Rakesh Agarwal to deposit Rs. 34,00,000 with Investor Education Protection Funds of Stock Exchange, Mumbai and NSE (in equal proportion i.e. Rs. 17,00,000 in each exchange) to compensate any investor which may make any claim aggrieved with the sale of shares of ABS industries to SHRI I.P.Kedia during the period 9-9-1996 to 1-10-1996 subsequently. along with a direction to (i) initiate prosecution under section 24 of the SEBI Act and (ii) adjudication proceedings under section 15I read with section 15 G of the SEBI Act against the Appellant. Appeal by SAT The Honble Securities Appellate Tribunal vide its order dated 3.11.2003 has allowed the captioned appeal finding that the appellant was not guilty of Insider Trading. However, the tribunal held that since Rakesh Agrawal acted in the interest of the company he cannot be considered to have violated the Insider Trading Regulations. The tribunal also held that although Rakesh Agrawal had made profit out of the transactions but it was only incidental to the cause of the interest of the company. However in appeal to SAT, SEBI later contested the SAT order in SC. Case Status The case was settled through consent order under section 24 of the SEBI Act with Agrawal paying a monetary penalty.